Looking Past the Spin: Results from a Clinical Trial of Cysteamine

In early December, Raptor Pharmaceuticals released clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings results evaluating a drug called cysteamine in Huntington’s disease. News headlines about this trial are heavy on media spin, and so HDBuzz is here to break down what these new results really mean for the Huntington’s community.

Clinical Trials and Pomegranates?

Though it might not be obvious at first, clinical trials and pomegranates have something in common. Just like getting to the tasty seeds at the heart of a pomegranate requires carefully dissecting the fruit’s rind and membranes, getting to the results at the heart of clinical trials requires carefully dissecting their news coverage.

Both of these jobs can be difficult and messy, but don’t worry! HDBuzz is here to help you sift through spin-loaded headlines, find the real facts, and understand what clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings results mean for the Huntington’s disease (HD) community.

We’ve already written several general guides explaining what clinical trials are and how to interpret news reports about them. Whenever you start reading about a specific trial, though, the most important thing to remember is why that trial existed in the first place: to test whether a drug makes HD better.

In this article, we’ll hold to this perspective as we review hot-off-the-press results from a recently completed clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings in HD.

A Bit of Background

The results we’re covering here come from a Phase 2/3 HD clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings run by Raptor Pharmaceuticals. This trial tested cysteamine, a drug that has already cleared some early hurdles in the drug-approval process, as a symptom-delaying treatment in HD. HDBuzz has followed this trial since its outset, and we’ve written about its basics in a previous post.

We know from laboratory tests that cysteamine – also known as RP103 – does lots of good things for the brain. It can stop sticky proteins from gunking up the brain, prompt brain cell repair, increase levels of a chemical that keeps brain cells healthy, and remove excess metal toxic to the brain. In theory, any (or all) of these effects could help to delay HD symptoms in humans.

Because of its duration, Raptor ran this particular clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings in two parts. In the first half, participants were randomly assigned to take either cysteamine or a dummy drug twice a day. In the second half, anyone previously assigned to take the dummy drug switched to taking cysteamine (and people already taking cysteamine kept right on taking it). This structure made sure that no one participating in the trial would miss out on the drug’s beneficial effects, if they existed.

Like many clinical trials in HD, Raptor’s trial asked a bunch of questions about whether and how the drug affected Huntington’s disease symptoms. The most important of these questions, which we refer to as its primary endpointprimary endpoint The main question asked in a clinical trial and which serves as the bar for measuring the trial’s overall success, focused on movement symptoms. Specifically, the primary endpointprimary endpoint The main question asked in a clinical trial asked whether taking cysteamine would slow down the movement symptom progression that typically occurs in Huntington’s disease. The trial also assessed whether cysteamine affected other things, like overall function, independence, and safety.

Final Results Fall Short of the Goal

The CYST-HD trial is now complete, and its final results are in. Raptor released a statement with a sneak preview of these results in early December.

For any clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings, the most critical results are those related to the primary endpointprimary endpoint The main question asked in a clinical trial. Remember, this endpointendpoint A specific outcome or measurement that researchers use to assess the effectiveness or safety of a treatment. Endpoints are predefined before the trial begins and can be either primary (the main result the trial is designed to evaluate, such as improvement in symptoms) or secondary (additional outcomes of interest, such as quality of life or biomarker changes). determines whether we – and government agencies like the FDA that are ultimately responsible for approving a drug for use in HD – consider the trial a success or failure overall.

Unfortunately, the CYST-HD trial fell short of meeting its primary endpointprimary endpoint The main question asked in a clinical trial goal. Even though movement symptoms in people taking cysteamine tended to progress more slowly than those in people taking the dummy drug, this effect wasn’t large or consistent enough to be considered statistically significantstatistically significant Unlikely to have arisen by chance, according to a statistical test (more on this later).

Furthermore, although the drug’s effects on movement symptoms became somewhat more pronounced when Raptor looked at just a specific subset of trial participants, they still weren’t statistically significantstatistically significant Unlikely to have arisen by chance, according to a statistical test.

Nevertheless, in combination with some of the trial’s other tests relating to functional measures and independence, these tantalizing trends imply that cysteamine might subtly affect HD in a way not picked up by the trial’s main analyses.

Does Being Statistically Significantstatistically significant Unlikely to have arisen by chance, according to a statistical test Really Matter?

To make sense of what this mixed bag of results means for the HD community, it’s important to keep in mind our perspective from the beginning of this post: that we run clinical trials to test whether a drug makes HD better.

We all – researchers, drug companies, and especially the patient community – really want to find drugs that make a difference in HD. However, this desire can sometimes put us at risk for keying in on trends that aren’t real or, more dangerously, believing in a drug that doesn’t actually work.

Statistics help to mitigate these risks by telling us whether the results we see in a clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings are believable or instead likely to be just a fluke.

When we say that the results for the primary endpointprimary endpoint The main question asked in a clinical trial in Raptor’s trial weren’t ‘statistically significantstatistically significant Unlikely to have arisen by chance, according to a statistical test’, then, this is a big statement. It means that the effects of the drug in the study could easily have been a fluke. Mathematically speaking, cysteamine did not affect Huntington’s symptoms any differently than a dummy drug. Therefore, even after this 3-year-long trial, we do not yet have evidence that cysteamine makes HD better.

Where Do We Go From Here?

Even though Raptor’s trial failed to meet its primary endpointprimary endpoint The main question asked in a clinical trial, we can still take two interesting and potentially important pieces of information away from it.

First, the trial gave us scattered hints that cysteamine might subtly delay some HD symptoms in some individuals. Therefore, capitalizing on these effects is theoretically still possible, perhaps by looking in a slightly different patient population or by asking different questions about how the drug affects HD symptoms. Second, the trial confirmed that cysteamine has a pretty good safety profile in patients with HD, meaning that it doesn’t cause intolerable side-effects in the people who take it.

Armed with this new knowledge, Raptor believes it may have learned enough to design a new registration trial of cysteamine with a greater chance for success (ie, a trial which cysteamine would slow symptom progression more than a dummy drug does).

We can’t tell the future, so we don’t know whether a trial of this sort would pan out. However, history tells us that the road facing cysteamine is a tough one. Other HD drug candidates, like creatine and CoQ10, that have failed key clinical trials have not fared well in later rounds of clinical testing. We are therefore tempering our excitement about a new cysteamine trial with a measured dose of caution.

Take-Home Message

Of course we’re disappointed that the CYST-HD trial results weren’t more positive, but it’s important to remember that every HD clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings – even those that fail – gives us the knowledge and experience to make future trials better. Looking past the media spin to understand what clinical trialclinical trial Very carefully planned experiments designed to answer specific questions about how a drug affects human beings results really mean will help us move on from false starts and toward an effective HD treatment.